Historical development of the NHS in the UK

Why consensus finished - 1982

nSaid to be cumbersome - everyone had to agree

nMrs Thatcher (Sir Roy Griffiths) preferred to know who was in charge

nManagement became the watchword for success - (the UK was never very good at it). <= /div>

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What happened to strong management – 1990?

nDeveloped into the internal market

nThe managers carried the market into the <= /span>internal market against wishes of most doctors <= /span>

nBecame the executive directors of trusts

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Local democracy model –1998-2002

nLabour didn’t like term ‘market’= ; - sounded like privatisation

nDeveloping contracts said to be divisive

nGP Fundholding said to be 2-tier

nContracting said to be too bureaucratic

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What happened to local democracy model in England?
(divergence of Celtic countries)

nLabour pushing public-private partnerships

nDeveloped Foundation hospitals – divisive?

n‘GP commissioning’ encouraged

nLocal PCTs working as larger groups for many purposes

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Primary Care Trusts

approx. 200,000 population

Primary Care Community =

Services = ; &n= bsp; Health

Services&#= 13;

Strategic Health Authorities

approx. 1.5 million population

Hospitals

Fu= nding NHS in England

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Coalition Proposals

n<= span style=3D'font-family:Tahoma;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;text-shadow:auto; mso-special-format:lastCR;display:none'>

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Local Health Boards

approx. 13= 0,000 population

Primary Care Services

Welsh Assembly Government

2.9 million population

Hospitals &a= mp;

Community= 3;

Health <= /span>

Services

Fu= nding NHS in Wales

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What happened to local democracy model in Wales?

nLess public-private partnerships

nNo Foundation hospitals

nNo ‘GP commissioning’

nHealth Boards taking over from the ‘interna= l market’

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National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE)

nAppraises new technology for the NHS

nProduces guidelines

nConfid= ential Enquiries into Maternal & Child Health, Deaths in infancy, Suicide & Homicide in mental illness and Peri-operative deaths (See Grimley Evans review)

nGives advice on new techniques eg operations etc

nCitizen’s Council

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Commission for Health Audit and Inspection (CHAI)

nAssess= es every NHS organisation and private premises where there are NHS patients and makes = findings public

nCan result in new management team g= oing in

ninvestigating when there is serious failure

nchecking that the NHS is following national guidelines

nadvising the NHS on best practice

nCan change star rating (in England)

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National Patient Safety Agency

nMakes sure adverse events are reported

nTries to encourage doctors to report incidents without fear of personal reprimand (near misses) <= /span>

<= span style=3D'text-shadow:auto'>nCollect reports throughout the country

nInitiates preventative measures, so that the whole country can le= arn from each case

<= span style=3D'text-shadow:auto'>nPublishes Patient Safety Alerts <= /div>

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National Service Frameworks

nGive detailed advice on best treatment for different patients (Welsh list)

nCoronary heart disease <= /span>

nDiabetes

nMental health

nOlder people

nChildren

nRenal disease

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Main clinical factors in NHS during 50 years - GPs

<= span style=3D'text-shadow:auto'>nRemain contracted to NHS - not part of

nRemain gatekeepers - keep NHS cheap

nMany more in groups - but still not all – much talk of Primary Care teams in NHS Plan

<= span style=3D'text-shadow:auto'>nVery variable quality

<= span style=3D'text-shadow:auto'>nDoing more preventative work (a bit) <= /span>

nNow involved in purchasing services – as PCTs or individually in England

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Creeping privatisation?

nThe new GMS contract enables PCTs to commission medical services from a range of providers, including= the independent sector, voluntary sector and not-for-profit organisations.

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Changes to hospital medicine – increased demand

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file:///C:/4CE3BE48/HistoryNHS-verylatest-MPH_files/slide0027.htm Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Type: text/html; charset="us-ascii" Historical development of the NHS in the UK

Changes in hospital medicine (2)

nSeparation of acute and chronic medicine

nIncreased specialisation of all professionals = 211; surgery 7 subspecialties

nIncreased doubts about the effectiveness and safety of what we do

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All countries (I have been in/read = about) complain of:

<= span style=3D'text-shadow:auto'>nNot enough resources for health

<= span style=3D'text-shadow:auto'>nIncreasing demand

nPoor communication between professionals and professionals/patients

nTechnology increasingly costly for its effectiveness

<= span style=3D'text-shadow:auto'>nPoor information

<= span style=3D'text-shadow:auto'>nProblem of inequalities

<= span style=3D'text-shadow:auto;visibility:hidden'>n

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For the future

nCommissioning increasingly primary care dominated – said to be cheaper and better to reduce inequalities, but not proven to work in past

nCentral organisations ensure similar standards everywhere – may help reduce inequalities

nHealth policy - based on White Papers - have a very broad view of health

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Finally....

We sh= all never have all we need. Expectations will always exceed capacity. The service must always be changing, growing and improving.&= nbsp; It must always appear inadequate

Nye Bevan

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Click to edit Master text styles

Second level

Third level

Fourth level

Fifth level

‹#›

Will we spend as high a proportion of our GDP on health in 20 years

Inpatients have increased rapidly over the years, with a steady reduction in <= span style=3D'font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Ro= man"'>beds. Will all the beds vanish and the patients all have to sit on the floor?

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charset="us-ascii" function LoadSld() { var sld=3DGetObj("SlideObj") if( !g_supportsPPTHTML ) { sld.style.visibility=3D"visible" return } if( MakeNotesVis() ) return runAnimations =3D _InitAnimations(); if( IsWin("PPTSld") ) parent.SldUpdated(GetSldId()) g_origSz=3DparseInt(SlideObj.style.fontSize) g_origH=3Dsld.style.posHeight g_origW=3Dsld.style.posWidth g_scaleHyperlinks=3D(document.all.tags("AREA").length>0) if( g_scaleHyperlinks ) InitHLinkArray() if( g_scaleInFrame||(IsWin("PPTSld") && parent.IsFullScrMode() ) ) document.body.scroll=3D"no" _RSW() if( IsWin("PPTSld") && parent.IsFullScrMode() ) FullScrInit(); =09 MakeSldVis(); ChkAutoAdv() if( runAnimations ) { if( document.all("NSPlay") ) document.all("NSPlay").autoStart =3D false; if( sld.filters && sld.filters.revealtrans ) setTimeout( "document.body.start()", sld.filters.revealtrans.duration * = 1000 ); else document.body.start(); } } function MakeSldVis() { var fTrans=3Dg_showAnimation && SldHasTrans() if( fTrans ) { if( g_bgSound ) { idx=3Dg_bgSound.indexOf(","); pptSound.src=3Dg_bgSound.substr( 0, idx ); pptSound.loop=3D -(parseInt(g_bgSound.substr(idx+1))); } SlideObj.filters.revealtrans.Apply() } SlideObj.style.visibility=3D"visible" if( fTrans ) SlideObj.filters.revealtrans.Play() } function MakeNotesVis() { if( !IsNts() ) return false SlideObj.style.display=3D"none" nObj =3D document.all.item("NotesObj") parent.SetHasNts(0) if( nObj ) { nObj.style.display=3D"" parent.SetHasNts(1) } return 1 } function ChkAutoAdv() { if(SldHasTrans()) SlideObj.onfilterchange=3DAutoAdv else AutoAdv() } function AutoAdv() { if(!IsWin("PPTSld") || !gUseSldTimings )return var sld=3DGetCurSld() if( (sld.mAdvDelay>0) && !parent.IsFramesMode() ) setTimeout("parent.GoToNextSld()",sld.mAdvDelay) } function GetObj(id) { if(g_supportsPPTHTML) return document.all(id); else return document.getElementById(id); } function SldHasTrans() { return SlideObj.style.filter !=3D ""; } function GetSldId() { return sId=3Dlocation.href.substring(location.href.la= stIndexOf('/')+1) } function HideMenu() { if( frames["PPTSld"] && PPTSld.document.all.item("ctx= tmenu") && PPTSld.ctxtmenu.style.display!=3D"none" ) { PPTSld.ctxtmenu.styl= e.display=3D'none'; return true } return false } function IsWin( name ) { return window.name =3D=3D name } function IsNts() { return IsWin("PPTNts") } function IsSldOrNts() { return( IsWin("PPTSld")||IsWin("PPTNts") ) } function SupportsPPTAnimation() { return( navigator.platform =3D=3D "Win32"= && navigator.appVersion.indexOf("Windows")>0 ) } function SupportsPPTHTML() { var appVer=3Dnavigator.appVersion, msie=3DappVer.indexOf("MSIE "), ver=3D0 if( msie >=3D 0 ) ver=3DparseFloat( appVer.substring( msie+5, appVer.indexOf(";",msie) ) ) else ver=3DparseInt(appVer) return( ver >=3D 4 && msie >=3D 0 ) } function _RSW() { if( !g_supportsPPTHTML || IsNts() || ( !g_scaleInFrame && (!IsWin("PPTSld") || !parent.IsFullScrMode()) ) ) return var padding=3D0; if( IsWin("PPTSld") && parent.IsFramesMode() ) padding=3D6 cltWidth=3Ddocument.body.clientWidth-padding cltHeight=3Ddocument.body.clientHeight-padding factor=3D(1.0*cltWidth)/g_origW if( cltHeight < g_origH*factor ) factor=3D(1.0*cltHeight)/g_origH newSize =3D g_origSz * factor if( newSize < 1 ) newSize=3D1 s=3DSlideObj.style s.fontSize=3DnewSize+"px" s.posWidth=3Dg_origW*factor s.posHeight=3Dg_origH*factor s.posLeft=3D(cltWidth-s.posWidth+padding)/2 s.posTop=3D(cltHeight-s.posHeight+padding)/2 if( g_scaleHyperlinks ) ScaleHyperlinks( factor ) } function _InitAnimations() { animRuntimeInstalled =3D ''+document.body.localTime !=3D 'undefined'; isFullScreen =3D (window.name =3D=3D "PPTSld") && !parent.IsFramesMode(); g_animUseRuntime =3D g_showAnimation && animRuntimeInstalled && !(isFullSc= reen && parent.IsSldVisited()); if( g_animUseRuntime ) { collSeq =3D document.all.tags("seq"); if( collSeq !=3D null ) { for(ii=3D0;ii numSlds ) gSldJumpIdx =3D numSlds; if ( gSldJumpIdx >=3D 0 ) { if ( gSldJumpIdx 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ENDSHOW_MESG=3D"End of slide show, click to exit.", SCREEN_MODE=3D"Fram= es", gIsEndShow=3D0, NUM_VIS_SLDS=3D29, SCRIPT_HREF=3D"script.js", FULLSCR_= HREF=3D"fullscreen.htm"; var gCurSld =3D gPrevSld =3D 1, g_offset =3D 0, gNtsOpen =3D gHasNts =3D gO= tlTxtExp =3D 0, gHasNarration =3D 0, gOtlOpen =3D true window.gPPTHTML=3DSupportsPPTHTML() var gMainDoc=3Dnew Array(new hrefList("slide0001.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList(= "slide0009.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0015.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("= slide0016.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0010.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("s= lide0042.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0014.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("sl= ide0055.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0017.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("sli= de0019.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0020.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slid= e0021.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0022.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide= 0046.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0049.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0= 058.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0057.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide00= 47.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0043.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide003= 8.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0039.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0040= .htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0024.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0054.= htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0056.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0027.h= tm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0033.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0030.ht= m",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0032.htm",1,-1,1)); function FullScrInit() { g_allowAdvOnClick =3D GetCurSld().mAdvOnClk document.body.style.backgroundColor=3D"black" document.oncontextmenu=3Dparent._CM; document.onkeydown =3D _KDH; document.ondragstart=3DCancel document.onselectstart=3DCancel self.focus() } function Redirect( frmId ) { var str=3Ddocument.location.hash,idx=3Dstr.indexOf('#'), sId=3DGetSldId() if(idx>=3D0) str=3Dstr.substr(1); if( window.name !=3D frmId && ( sId !=3D str) ) { obj =3D GetObj("Main-File") window.location.href=3Dobj.href+"#"+sId return 1 } return 0 } var MHTMLPrefix =3D CalculateMHTMLPrefix(); function CalculateMHTMLPrefix() { if ( document.location.protocol =3D=3D 'mhtml:') { href=3Dnew String(document.location.href) Start=3Dhref.indexOf('!')+1 End=3Dhref.lastIndexOf('/')+1 if (End < Start) return href.substring(0, Start) else return href.substring(0, End) } return ''; } function GetTags(base,tag) { if(g_supportsPPTHTML) return base.all.tags(tag); else return base.getElementsByTagName(tag); } function UpdNtsPane(){ if(frames["PPTNts"]) PPTNts.location.replace( MHTMLP= refix+GetHrefObj( gCurSld ).mNtsHref ) } function UpdNavPane( sldIndex ){ if(gNavLoaded) PPTNav.UpdNav() } function UpdOtNavPane(){ if(gOtlNavLoaded) PPTOtlNav.UpdOtlNav() } function UpdOtlPane(){ if(gOtlLoaded) PPTOtl.UpdOtl() } function SetHasNts( fVal ) { if( gHasNts !=3D fVal ) { gHasNts=3DfVal UpdNavPane() } } function ToggleOtlText() { gOtlTxtExp=3D!gOtlTxtExp UpdOtlPane() } function ClearMedia() { if (PPTSld.pptSound) PPTSld.pptSound.loop =3D 0; } function FullScreen() { if ( PPTSld.g_animUseRuntime ) PPTSld.document.body.pause(); ClearMedia(); var href =3D ( document.location.protocol =3D=3D 'mhtml:') ? FULLSCR_HREF = : FULLSCR_HREF+"#"+GetHrefObj(gCurSld).mSldHref; if(PPTNav.event.ctrlKey) { var w =3D (window.screen.availWidth * 1.0) / 2.0 var h =3D w * (PPTSld.g_origH * 1.0) / PPTSld.g_origW win =3D window.open( MHTMLPrefix+href,null,"toolbar=3D0,resizable=3D1,top= =3D0,left=3D0," + "width=3D"+ w + ",height=3D" + h ); if( win.document.body && PPTSld.g_animUseRuntime ) win.document.body.PPTSldFrameset=3Dwindow; } else { win =3D window.open( MHTMLPrefix+href,null,"fullscreen=3Dyes" ); if( win.document.body && PPTSld.g_animUseRuntime ) win.document.body.PPTSldFrameset=3Dwindow; } } function ToggleVNarration() { rObj=3DPPTSld.document.all("NSPlay") if( rObj && !PPTSld.g_animUseRuntime ) { if( (rObj.playState =3D=3D 1)||(rObj.playState =3D=3D 0) ) rObj.Play() else if( rObj.playState =3D=3D 2 ) rObj.Pause() else return; } else if( PPTSld.g_animUseRuntime ) { narObj =3D PPTSld.document.all("narrationID") if( narObj ) narObj.togglePause() } } function GetCurSldNum() { obj=3DGetHrefObj(gCurSld) if( obj.mOrigVis =3D=3D 1 ) return obj.mSldIdx else return gCurSld } function GetNumSlds() { if( GetHrefObj(gCurSld).mOrigVis =3D=3D 1 ) return GetSldList().mNumVisSlds; else return GetSldList().mList.length } function GetSldNum( href ) { for(ii=3D0; ii 1 ) PopSldList(); else if( !IsFramesMode() ) { if( gLoopCont ) GoToFirst() else EndShow() } } function GoToPrevSld() { ii=3DgCurSld-1 if( ii > 0 ) { obj=3DGetHrefObj(ii) while ( obj && ( obj.mVis =3D=3D 0 ) && ( ii>0 ) ) obj=3DGetHrefObj(--ii) if( ii =3D=3D 0 ) ii=3D1 GoToSldNum(ii) } } function GoToFirst(){ GoToSld( GetHrefObj(1).mSldHref ) } function GoToLast() { ii=3DGetSldList().mList.length if( ii !=3D gCurSld ) GoToSld( GetHrefObj(ii).mSldHref ) } function GoToSldNum( num ) { if( PPTSld.event ) PPTSld.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue obj =3D GetHrefObj( num ) obj.mVis=3D1 gPrevSld=3DgCurSld gCurSld =3D num; PPTSld.location.replace(MHTMLPrefix+obj.mSldHref) if( IsFramesMode() ) { UpdNavPane(); UpdOtlPane(); UpdNtsPane() } } function GoToSld( href ) { if( PPTSld.event ) PPTSld.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue GetHrefObj( GetSldNum(href) ).mVis=3D1 PPTSld.location.replace(MHTMLPrefix+href) } function SldUpdated( id ) { if( id =3D=3D GetHrefObj(gCurSld).mSldHref ) return gPrevSld=3DgCurSld gCurSld=3DGetSldNum(id) if( IsFramesMode() ) { UpdNavPane(); UpdOtlPane(); UpdNtsPane() } } function PrevSldViewed(){ GoToSld( GetHrefObj(gPrevSld).mSldHref ) } function HasPrevSld() { return ( gIsEndShow || ( gCurSld !=3D 1 && GetHrefO= bj( gCurSld-1 ).mVis =3D=3D 1 )||( GetCurSldNum() > 1 ) ) } function HasNextSld() { return (GetCurSldNum() !=3D GetNumSlds()) } function CloseWindow() { if( HideMenu() ) return; var event =3D PPTSld.event; if( !IsFramesMode() && event && (event.keyCode=3D=3D27 || event.keyCode=3D= =3D32 || event.type=3D=3D"click" ) ) window.close( self ); CatchNumKeys( self, event ); } function Unload() { gIsEndShow=3D0; } function SetupEndShow() { gIsEndShow=3D1; PPTSld.document.body.scroll=3D"no"; PPTSld.document.onkeypress=3DCloseWindow; PPTSld.document.onclick=3DCloseWindow; PPTSld.document.oncontextmenu=3D_CM; } function EndShow() { if( IsFramesMode() ) return if( PPTSld.event ) PPTSld.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue doc=3DPPTSld.document var dir =3D doc.body.dir if( dir !=3D "rtl" ) dir =3D "ltr"; doc.open() doc.writeln('

' + ENDSHOW_MESG + '

') doc.close() } function SetSldVisited(){ GetSldList().mList[gCurSld-1].mVisited=3Dtrue } function IsSldVisited(){ return GetSldList().mList[gCurSld-1].mVisited } function hrefList( sldHref, visible, advDelay, advClk ) { this.mSldHref=3D this.mNtsHref =3D sldHref this.mOrigVis=3D this.mVis =3D visible this.mVisited=3D false this.mAdvDelay=3D advDelay this.mAdvOnClk=3D advClk } function SldList(arr,curSld,fEnd) { this.mCurSld =3D curSld; this.mList =3D new Array(); var idx =3D 1; for(ii=3D0;ii 0) { PushSldList(sldList,fEnd); gCurSld =3D 1; } else if( PPTSld.event ) PPTSld.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue } function PushSldList(arr,fEnd) { var ii =3D gSldStack.length; gSldStack[ii] =3D new SldList(arr,gCurSld,fEnd); GoToSld( gSldStack[ii].mList[0].mSldHref ); } function PopSldList() { if (gSldStack[gSldStack.length-1].fEndShow) EndShow() else { gCurSld =3D gSldStack[gSldStack.length-1].mCurSld; gSldStack[gSldStack.length-1] =3D null; gSldStack.length--; var sldList =3D gSldStack[gSldStack.length-1]; GoToSld( sldList.mList[gCurSld - 1].mSldHref ); } } var custShowList=3Dnew Array(); function ImgBtn( oId,bId,w,action ) { var t=3Dthis t.Perform =3D _IBP t.SetActive =3D _IBSetA t.SetInactive=3D _IBSetI t.SetPressed =3D _IBSetP t.SetDisabled=3D _IBSetD t.Enabled =3D _IBSetE t.ChangeIcon =3D null t.UserAction =3D action t.ChgState =3D _IBUI t.mObjId =3D oId t.mBorderId=3D bId t.mWidth =3D w t.mIsOn =3D t.mCurState =3D 0 } function _IBSetA() { if( this.mIsOn ) { obj=3Dthis.ChgState( gHiliteClr,gShadowClr,2 ) obj.style.posTop=3D0 } } function _IBSetI() { if( this.mIsOn ) { obj=3Dthis.ChgState( gFaceClr,gFaceClr,1 ) obj.style.posTop=3D0 } } function _IBSetP() { if( this.mIsOn ) { obj=3Dthis.ChgState( gShadowClr,gHiliteClr,2 ) obj.style.posLeft+=3D1; obj.style.posTop+=3D1 } } function _IBSetD() { obj=3Dthis.ChgState( gFaceClr,gFaceClr,0 ) obj.style.posTop=3D0 } function _IBSetE( state ) { var t=3Dthis GetObj( t.mBorderId ).style.visibility=3D"visible" if( state !=3D t.mIsOn ) { t.mIsOn=3Dstate if( state ) t.SetInactive() else t.SetDisabled() } } function _IBP() { var t=3Dthis if( t.mIsOn ) { if( t.UserAction !=3D null ) t.UserAction() if( t.ChangeIcon ) { obj=3DGetObj(t.mObjId) if( t.ChangeIcon() ) obj.style.posLeft=3Dobj.style.posLeft+(t.mCurState-4)*t.mWidth else obj.style.posLeft=3Dobj.style.posLeft+(t.mCurState-0)*t.mWidth } t.SetActive() } } function _IBUI( clr1,clr2,nextState ) { var t=3Dthis SetBorder( GetObj( t.mBorderId ),clr1,clr2 ) obj=3DGetObj( t.mObjId ) obj.style.posLeft=3Dobj.style.posLeft+(t.mCurState-nextState)*t.mWidth-obj= .style.posTop t.mCurState=3DnextState return obj } function TxtBtn( oId,oeId,action,chkState ) { var t=3Dthis t.Perform =3D _TBP t.SetActive =3D _TBSetA t.SetInactive=3D _TBSetI t.SetPressed =3D _TBSetP t.SetDisabled=3D _TBSetD t.SetEnabled =3D _TBSetE t.GetState =3D chkState t.UserAction =3D action t.ChgState =3D _TBUI t.mObjId =3D oId t.m_elementsId=3D oeId t.mIsOn =3D 1 } function _TBSetA() { var t=3Dthis if( t.mIsOn && !t.GetState() ) t.ChgState( gHiliteClr,gShadowClr,0,0 ) } function _TBSetI() { var t=3Dthis if( t.mIsOn && !t.GetState() ) t.ChgState( gFaceClr,gFaceClr,0,0 ) } function _TBSetP() { if( this.mIsOn ) this.ChgState( gShadowClr,gHiliteClr,1,1 ) } function _TBSetD() { this.ChgState( gFaceClr,gFaceClr,0,0 ) this.mIsOn =3D 0 } function _TBSetE() { var t=3Dthis if( !t.GetState() ) t.ChgState( gFaceClr,gFaceClr,0,0 ) else t.ChgState( gShadowClr,gHiliteClr,1,1 ) t.mIsOn =3D 1 } function _TBP() { var t=3Dthis if( t.mIsOn ) { if( t.UserAction !=3D null ) t.UserAction() if( !t.GetState ) return if( t.GetState() ) t.SetPressed() else t.SetActive() } } function _TBUI( clr1,clr2,lOffset,tOffset ) { SetBorder( GetObj( this.mObjId ),clr1,clr2 ) Offset( GetObj( this.m_elementsId ),lOffset,tOffset ) } function Offset( obj, top, left ){ obj.style.top=3Dtop; obj.style.left=3Dle= ft } function SetBorder( obj, upperLeft, lowerRight ) { s=3Dobj.style; s.borderStyle =3D "solid" s.borderWidth =3D 1 s.borderLeftColor =3D s.borderTopColor =3D upperLeft s.borderBottomColor=3D s.borderRightColor =3D lowerRight } function GetBtnObj(){ return gBtnArr[window.event.srcElement.id] } function BtnOnOver(){ b=3DGetBtnObj(); if( b !=3D null ) b.SetActive() } function BtnOnDown(){ b=3DGetBtnObj(); if( b !=3D null ) b.SetPressed() } function BtnOnOut(){ b=3DGetBtnObj(); if( b !=3D null ) b.SetInactive() } function BtnOnUp() { b=3DGetBtnObj() if( b !=3D null ) b.Perform() else Upd() } function GetNtsState(){ return parent.gNtsOpen } function GetOtlState(){ return parent.gOtlOpen } function GetOtlTxtState(){ return parent.gOtlTxtExp } function NtsBtnSetFlag( fVal ) { s=3Ddocument.all.item( this.m_flagId ).style s.display=3D"none" if( fVal ) s.display=3D"" else s.display=3D"none" } function _BSetA_Border(){ b =3D gBtnArr[this.mObjId]; if( b !=3D null ) b.S= etActive() } function _BSetI_Border(){ b =3D gBtnArr[this.mObjId]; if( b !=3D null ) b.S= etInactive() } function _BSetP_Border(){ b =3D gBtnArr[this.mObjId]; if( b !=3D null ) b.S= etPressed() } function _BSetA_BorderImg() { b =3D gBtnArr[this.mBorderId] if( b !=3D null && this.mIsOn && !b.GetState() ) { obj=3Dthis.ChgState( gHiliteClr,gShadowClr,2 ) obj.style.posTop=3D0 } } function _BSetI_BorderImg() { b =3D gBtnArr[this.mBorderId] if( b !=3D null && this.mIsOn && !b.GetState() ) { obj=3Dthis.ChgState( gFaceClr,gFaceClr,1 ) obj.style.posTop=3D0 } } var gHiliteClr=3D"THREEDHIGHLIGHT",gShadowClr=3D"THREEDSHADOW",gFaceClr=3D"= THREEDFACE" var gBtnArr =3D new Array() gBtnArr["nb_otl"] =3D new TxtBtn( "nb_otl","nb_otlElem",parent.ToggleOtlPan= e,GetOtlState ) gBtnArr["nb_otlElem"] =3D new TxtBtn( "nb_otl","nb_otlElem",parent.ToggleOt= lPane,GetOtlState ) gBtnArr["nb_nts"] =3D new ImgBtn( "nb_nts","nb_ntsBorder",10,parent.ToggleN= tsPane ) gBtnArr["nb_nts"].SetActive =3D _BSetA_BorderImg; gBtnArr["nb_nts"].SetInactive =3D _BSetI_BorderImg; gBtnArr["nb_ntsBorder"] =3D new TxtBtn( "nb_ntsBorder","nb_ntsElem",parent.= ToggleNtsPane,GetNtsState ) gBtnArr["nb_ntsElem"] =3D new TxtBtn( "nb_ntsBorder","nb_ntsElem",parent.To= ggleNtsPane,GetNtsState ) gBtnArr["nb_prevBorder"] =3D gBtnArr["nb_prev"]=3D new ImgBtn( "nb_prev","n= b_prevBorder",30,parent.GoToPrevSld ) gBtnArr["nb_nextBorder"] =3D gBtnArr["nb_next"]=3D new ImgBtn( "nb_next","n= b_nextBorder",30,parent.GoToNextSld ) gBtnArr["nb_sldshw"]=3D new ImgBtn( "nb_sldshw","nb_sldshwBorder",18,parent= .FullScreen ) gBtnArr["nb_sldshwBorder"] =3D new TxtBtn( "nb_sldshw","nb_sldshwBorder",pa= rent.FullScreen,null ) gBtnArr["nb_sldshwBorder"].SetActive =3D _BSetA_Border; gBtnArr["nb_sldshwBorder"].SetInactive =3D _BSetI_Border; gBtnArr["nb_sldshwText"] =3D new TxtBtn( "nb_sldshw","nb_sldshwText",parent= .FullScreen,null ) gBtnArr["nb_sldshwText"].SetActive =3D _BSetA_Border; gBtnArr["nb_sldshwText"].SetInactive =3D _BSetI_Border; gBtnArr["nb_voice"] =3D gBtnArr["nb_voiceBorder"] =3D new ImgBtn( "nb_voice= ","nb_voiceBorder",18,parent.ToggleVNarration ) gBtnArr["nb_otlTxtBorder"] =3D gBtnArr["nb_otlTxt"]=3D new ImgBtn( "nb_otlT= xt","nb_otlTxtBorder",23,parent.ToggleOtlText ) gBtnArr["nb_ntsBorder"].m_flagId=3D "nb_nts" gBtnArr["nb_ntsBorder"].SetFlag =3D NtsBtnSetFlag gBtnArr["nb_otlTxt"].ChangeIcon=3D GetOtlTxtState var sNext=3D"Next",sPrev=3D"Previous",sEnd=3D"End Show",sFont=3D"Arial",sAr= row=3D"Arrow",sFreeform=3D"Freeform",sRect=3D"Rectangle",sOval=3D"Oval" function ShowMenu() { BuildMenu(); var doc=3DPPTSld.document.body,x=3DPPTSld.event.clientX+doc.scrollLeft,y= =3DPPTSld.event.clientY+doc.scrollTop m =3D PPTSld.document.all.item("ctxtmenu") m.style.pixelLeft=3Dx if( (x+m.scrollWidth > doc.clientWidth)&&(x-m.scrollWidth > 0) ) m.style.pixelLeft=3Dx-m.scrollWidth m.style.pixelTop=3Dy if( (y+m.scrollHeight > doc.clientHeight)&&(y-m.scrollHeight > 0) ) m.style.pixelTop=3Dy-m.scrollHeight m.style.display=3D"" } function _CM() { if( !parent.IsFullScrMode() ) return; if(!PPTSld.event.ctrlKey) { ShowMenu() return false } else HideMenu() } function BuildMenu() { if( PPTSld.document.all.item("ctxtmenu") ) return var mObj=3DCreateItem( PPTSld.document.body ) mObj.id=3D"ctxtmenu" mObj.style.visibility=3D"hidden" var s=3DmObj.style s.position=3D"absolute" s.cursor=3D"default" s.width=3D"120px" SetCMBorder(mObj,"menu","black") var iObj=3DCreateItem( mObj ) SetCMBorder( iObj, "threedhighlight","threedshadow" ) iObj.style.padding=3D2 CreateMenuItem( iObj,sNext,M_GoNextSld,M_True ) CreateMenuItem( iObj,sPrev,M_GoPrevSld,M_HasPrevSld ) CreateSeparator( iObj ) CreateMenuItem( iObj,sEnd,M_End,M_True ) mObj.style.visibility=3D"visible" } function Cancel() { window.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue; window.event.returnVa= lue=3Dfalse } function Highlight() { ChangeClr("activecaption","threedhighlight") } function Deselect() { ChangeClr("threedface","menutext") } function Perform() { e=3DPPTSld.event.srcElement if( e.type=3D=3D"menuitem" && e.IsActive() ) e.Action() else PPTSld.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue } function ChangeClr( bg,clr ) { e=3DPPTSld.event.srcElement if( e.type=3D=3D"menuitem" && e.IsActive() ) { e.style.backgroundColor=3Dbg e.style.color=3Dclr } } function M_HasPrevSld() { return( parent.HasPrevSld() ) } function M_GoNextSld() { if( gIsEndShow ) M_End(); else GoToNextSld() } function M_GoPrevSld() { if( gIsEndShow ) { gIsEndShow=3D0; history.back();= PPTSld.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue; } else GoToPrevSld() } function M_True() { return true } function M_End() { window.close( self ) } function CreateMenuItem( node,text,action,eval ) { var e=3DCreateItem( node ) e.type=3D"menuitem" e.Action=3Daction e.IsActive=3Deval e.innerHTML=3Dtext if( !e.IsActive() ) e.style.color=3D"threedshadow" e.onclick=3DPerform e.onmouseover=3DHighlight e.onmouseout=3DDeselect s=3De.style; s.fontFamily=3DsFont s.fontSize=3D"9pt" s.paddingLeft=3D2 } function CreateSeparator( node ) { var sObj=3DCreateItem( node ) SetCMBorder(sObj,"menu","menu") var s=3DsObj.style s.borderTopColor=3D"threedshadow" s.borderBottomColor=3D"threedhighlight" s.height=3D1 s.fontSize=3D"0px" } function CreateItem( node ) { var elem=3DPPTSld.document.createElement("DIV") node.insertBefore( elem ) return elem } function SetCMBorder( o,ltClr,rbClr ) { var s=3Do.style s.backgroundColor=3D"menu" s.borderStyle=3D"solid" s.borderWidth=3D1 s.borderColor=3DltClr+" "+rbClr+" "+rbClr+" "+ltClr } ------=_NextPart_01CB4E8A.386AFC60 Content-Location: file:///C:/4CE3BE48/HistoryNHS-verylatest-MPH_files/fullscreen.htm Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Type: text/html; 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charset="us-ascii" Historical development of the NHS in the UK ------=_NextPart_01CB4E8A.386AFC60 Content-Location: file:///C:/4CE3BE48/HistoryNHS-verylatest-MPH_files/outline.htm Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Type: text/html; charset="us-ascii"

1	Development of t= he NHS in the UK Norman Vetter
2	World Wars I &am= p; II Poor health obvious during recruitment to war 1930s Socialist Medical Association suggested free service paid for = by taxes Beveridge Commission Report in 1942 suggested national health servic= e Did not say how it should be paid for
3	Lord Beveridge Liberal peer Economist Journalist Appeared on Brains Trust Vain Cried when asked to write report
4	Aneurin Bevan Miner at 13 - from Tredegar Eye trouble - Labour college Not trusted by Labour Charming Vain Great orator
5	NHS Act Came in in 1948. Delay= ed 2 years - GPs didn’t want to – voted against ‘nationalisation’ - 84% Free to all, paid for from taxes Consultants salaried (with distinction awards) GPs, fearing nationalisation, contracted with NHS. Largely lost their hospital rights.
6	What the NHS is = about The minister was “charged with the duty to promote the establishment in England and Wales of a comprehensive health service designed to secure improvement in the physical and mental health of = the people of England and Wales and the prevention, diagnosis and treatm= ent of illness, and for that purpose to provide or secure the effective provision of services. The services should be free of charge”. NHS ACT 1948
7	NHS First entirely free health service in the world Big organisation employs over 1.2m. people Costs £85bn in 2004; from taxes. High proportion of public service
8	Health spending = as % of GDP – will we ever catch OECD – do we want to?
9	Management re-organisations in NHS in past 55 years Tripartite system (GPs, hospitals, local authority) 1948-1974 Consensus model (1974-1982) General management model (1982-1990) Internal market (1990 - 1998) Collaborative model (1998-2002) Local democracy model (2002 - 4) Public/Private partnership & increased market model –Engla= nd; Reduced market model – Wales (2004 - )
10	Why tripartite = finished - 1974 Development of district general hospitals after WW2 required better admin - areas and districts Local authority social services didn’t want to be run by a doc= tor (MoH) GPs stayed out
11	Why consensus f= inished - 1982 Said to be cumbersome - everyone had to agree Mrs Thatcher (Sir Roy Griffiths) preferred to know who was in charge= Management became the watchword for success - (the UK was never very good at it).
12	What happened t= o strong management – 1990? Developed into the internal market The managers carried the market into the internal market against wis= hes of most doctors Became the executive directors of trusts
13	Local democracy= model –1998-2002 Labour didn’t like term ‘market’ - sounded like privatisation Developing contracts said to be divisive GP Fundholding said to be 2-tier Contracting said to be too bureaucratic
14	What happened t= o local democracy model in England? (divergence of Celtic countries) Labour pushing public-private partnerships Developed Foundation hospitals – divisive? ‘GP commissioning’ encouraged Local PCTs working as larger groups for many purposes
15
16	Coalition Propo= sals
17
18	What happened t= o local democracy model in Wales? Less public-private partnerships No Foundation hospitals No ‘GP commissioning’ Health Boards taking over from the ‘internal market’
19	National Instit= ute for Clinical Excellence (NICE) Appraises new technology for the NHS Produces guidelines Confidential Enquiries into Maternal & Child Health, Deaths in infancy, Suicide & Homicide in mental illness and Peri-operative deaths (See Grimley Evans review) Gives advice on new techniques eg operations etc Citizen’s Council
20	Commission for = Health Audit and Inspection (CHAI) Assesses every NHS organisation and private premises where there are= NHS patients and makes fin= dings public Can result in new management team going in investigating when there is serious failure checking that the NHS is following national guidelines advising the NHS on best practice Can change star rating (in England)
21	National Patien= t Safety Agency Makes sure adverse events are reported Tries to encourage doctors to report incidents without fear of perso= nal reprimand (near misses) Collect reports throughout the country Initiates preventative measures, so that the whole country can learn from each case Publishes Patient Safety Alerts
22	National Service Frameworks Give detailed advice on best treatment for different patients (Welsh list) Coronary heart disease Diabetes Mental health Older people Children Renal disease
23	Main clinical f= actors in NHS during 50 years - GPs Remain contracted to NHS - not part of Remain gatekeepers - keep NHS cheap Many more in groups - but still not all – much talk of Primary Care teams in NHS Plan Very variable quality Doing more preventative work (a bit) Now involved in purchasing services – as PCTs or individually = in England
24	Creeping privat= isation? The new GMS contract enables PCTs to commission medical services fro= m a range of providers, including the independent sector, voluntary sect= or and not-for-profit organisations.
25	Changes to hosp= ital medicine – increased demand
26	Changes in hosp= ital medicine (2) Separation of acute and chronic medicine Increased specialisation of all professionals – surgery 7 subspecialties Increased doubts about the effectiveness and safety of what we do
27	All countries (= I have been in/read about) complain of: Not enough resources for health Increasing demand Poor communication between professionals and professionals/patients<= /li> Technology increasingly costly for its effectiveness Poor information Problem of inequalities
28	For the future<= /a> Commissioning increasingly primary care dominated – said to be cheaper and better to reduce inequalities, but not proven to work in past Central organisations ensure similar standards everywhere – may help reduce inequalities Health policy - based on White Papers - have a very broad view of he= alth
29	Finally....=

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